clip/edit

Film editing: Film editing takes a large amount of materials shot in the production of the Film. After selection, selection, decomposition and combination, the work is coherent, clear in meaning, with distinct themes and appealing in art. Beginning with American director Griffith, he adopted the method of shooting on camera, and then put these scenes together, thus producing the editing art. Editing is not only an indispensable work in the process of film making, but also the last re-creation in the process of film artistic creation. Godard, French new wave film director: editing is the formal beginning of filmmaking.

The word "clip", which means "edit" in English, means "cut" in German, while in French, the word "clip" was originally an architectural term meaning "constitute, assemble". It was later used in films, transliterated into Chinese, or "montage." In Chinese films, this word is translated as "editing", and its meaning is very accurate. The word "editing" is cut and edited, which can be directly associated with cutting off the film as in German, while retaining the meaning of "integration" and "editing" in English and French. When people use the foreign words "montage" in Chinese, they mainly refer to those special effects in editing, such as parallel montage, narrative montage, metaphor montage, contrast montage and so on.

Film editing is a unified method of creation. Its two different aspects - cut and set, is complementary, indivisible whole. Without scissors, there would be no logic, and without it, there would be no need to cut. It is a complete creation process to cut the shot lens and paragraphs and combine them together according to a certain structure. Moreover, no matter what ideas and methods are held on editing, the effect of editing on film re-creation should be more and more prominent, rather than the opposite.

There are many "starts" and many "recreations" that are one of the features of the film. In terms of the big stage, the creation process of modern film art contains three recreations: the first "start" and "creation" are the film conception and script writing of the scriptwriter, which put the visual and auditory images of the whole film on paper. Second "start" and "creation", is the director of general conception and directed, all the literature of the script text image is transformed into a series of different JingBie, different Angle of the lens, the image and sound with the camera, tape recorder, respectively taken and recorded on film, or shot down one by one, complete artistic creation, made in the early this is contented, enrich the first stage of writing script literary connotation; The third "beginning" and "creation" is the joint creation of the director and the editor. Through editing, the original material images shot according to the shooting script and the recorded original material sounds are combined into a complete screen image that can be screened according to the rationality of the movement law.

It can be recognized in four aspects :1. Editing several scenes into paragraphs; 3. Editing the overall structure of the film; 4. Editing of picture material and audio material.

The essence of editing is to shape the montage image through the decomposition and combination of the main body action. Shot editing is to serve the story plot. Different editing methods are used to perfect the story plot and convey the story content so that the audience can understand the outline of the story. For a complete story, both picture editing and sound editing are of vital importance, and the corresponding editing skills and editing psychology are the necessary capabilities of the editors in the editing process.

1. Video clip

Good film and television works are not only good story plots, but also from the point of view of editing. Only vivid and colorful editing can reflect the excellence of a work. Editing is the last re-creation in the process of film artistic creation. A video cut is a sequence of shots, each of which must be cut to fit into a film. When we edit the film, we should fully consider the director's intention and the film's style. When the style and the content are contrary, we should respect the content and avoid digression. In the editing process, there will be a lot of scenes that are reluctant to cut, and it is time to test the creator. Even a good editing style should be in line with the development of the plot, and the story development should be clarified and the essence should be taken, only in this way can the editing be ensured.

The editing of materials is for the purpose of concatenating the shot materials into meaningful fragments, and at the same time, it has artistic appeal, highlighting and strengthening the features of the subject of shooting. In the process of editing and processing materials, the theme must be highlighted and logical. Whether using jump thinking or reverse thinking

You have to be consistent, you don't want to be out of the story for editing skills. The vision of the lens represents the vision of the audience, which determines the movement direction and relationship direction of the subject in the picture. Whether static and moving, or long and short, fast and slow comparison should pay attention to the length of each shot. Determining the duration of each lens, such contrast techniques make the vision more striking. Different optical techniques and techniques are often used in the conversion of film shots to achieve the purpose of film editing. We often use these editing techniques to represent the memories, dreams, fantasy and magical world of characters. After mastering these editing skills, the work can be edited by combining the story plots.

2. Sound editing

Editing sound effect is also an important part of editing creation. The sound effects in the film are various and intricate, and the common sounds include the sounds generated by the characters' language and actions, the sounds of animals, and various sounds in nature. Sound can not only render the atmosphere of the environment and enhance the sense of real life of the picture, but also, more importantly, enhance the dramatic effect and set off the mood and character of the characters. The sound effect must be focused, layered and selective to achieve the artistic effect and avoid the interference of language and music. The simplest influence effect, also exists in the clip to grasp the measure question

From the perspective of technological development, film editing has already gone through the third stage. The second stage is the machine production stage, which is after entering the audio film, film editing by the simple manual machine; The third stage is the computer production stage, which was a high technology emerging in the 1990s, with "non-linear" editing (digital editing) by computers. The evolution and progress of film concept, film art technique and film science and technology have promoted the rapid development of film editing art to a higher level and a larger scope.

It can be seen that film editing is not only an essential work in the process of film making, but also the last re-creation in the process of film artistic creation.

Visual hallucinations

M. tuloskaya, an esthetician of the former Soviet union, believed that "the art movement is always closer to the truth, and the next stage is always more true and closer to reality than the previous stage". Film and television are by far the most authentic art.

Both the verisimilitude and the kinematic feature are based on the illusion, the film is the basis of creating the illusion, it creates the illusion of reality, but not the reality itself. Because of the most basic illusion kiss and the inherent inherent function of human visual mechanism. Therefore, it has a unique effect on people's audio-visual perception.

Hallucination refers to false and unreal feelings (vision, hearing, touch, smell, etc.) that are induced or implied by certain factors.

Some people say that Hollywood movies "the editing structure of American films is based on a highly unusual contradiction, in which many fragments are quickly connected to create a unity and integrity. The local complex produces an illusion without a part, or even a form. We see through the screen a completely real world that leaves us no choice but to accept it as valid.

The genius of Hollywood is not to create illusions, but to convince viewers that they are real.

The illusion of stillness and motion

Whether it's a 24-frame/second movie or a 25-frame/second TV, they create motion hallucinations with intermittent motion. There is no real movement on screen. Because every frame is static, but in fact everyone sees movement.

In analyzing the visual psychological experience of watching movies, the German psychologist Hugo stobberg pointed out that "motion in movies is nothing but a hint of motion, and the concept of motion is to a considerable extent the product of our own reactions.

In 1912, the father of gestalt psychology, weishema, published a study on the act of manifestation. He observed that if two objects (such as two lights in a darkroom) were at a distance, one would disappear while the other immediately appeared. He pointed out that what the observer saw was not two separate objects but the illusion of an object moving from the first to the second position.

Gestalt psychology refers to all such motor hallucinations as paradoxes. It emphasizes the importance of psychological cognition and psychological compensation mechanism in the form of hallucination from static to dynamic.

After understanding the principle of motor illusion, we should fully respect and stimulate the audience's psychological identity and psychological compensation.

The illusion of plane and solid

Both movies and TV show three-dimensional space by plane space, while the real space is three-dimensional, while the movie screen and TV screen are two-dimensional, regardless of the audience's psychological factors. Two - dimensional space cannot really reproduce three - dimensional space. In fact, the three-dimensional space in the audience's mind is also an illusion.

The reason why people are willing to be cheated before affecting the false three-degree space of the movement system is that they use visual psychological experience to correct external stimuli at any time, and the compensation psychology generated with the timely change of visual distance and Angle further confirms that the space seen by the eyes is the objective real space.

Psychological basis

The audience's recognition of editing is not out of recognition of its performance ability, but because it conforms to our life perception and experience.

A. People are always used to list and compare things, thus leading to directional association and generalization. Because of this habit of thinking, it is easy to make a connection in the minds of the audience. This is the foundation of the montage, and the shooting of the scoring lens makes the editing of the lens possible.

B. people tend to overlook minor plots. Selective memory is an important feature of human thinking, especially visual thinking and visual thinking.

The French film theorist Stanley lomond argued in 1972 that "if a film describes each movement in exactly the time it takes to actually complete it, it will look rather dull."